ABSTRACT
[Background] The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affects the psychological status of medical staff who directly face the risk of the disease. [Objective] This study investigates the prevalence and related factors of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. [Methods] From February 13 to March 1, 2020, a network questionnaire survey was conducted among 482 medical staff selected by convenience sampling. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic demographic information and COVID-19-related questions. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among the medical staff. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed with PHQ-9 score, GAD-7 score, and ISI score as dependent variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (forward-conditional method) on depression, anxiety, and insomnia as dependent variables was performed with basic demographic information and COVID-19-related questions as independent variables. [Results] Among the surveyed medical staff, the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia were 14.3%, 11.2%, and 23.2%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates among different age, gender, local risk level, and occupation groups and those aiding Hubei Province or not. The medical staff who directly contacted fever or diagnosed patients had more serious depression (b=1.73, 95%CI: 0.79-2.66) and insomnia (b=2.43, 95%CI: 1.48-3.39) and a higher risk of insomnia (OR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.21-2.96). The medical staff whose current protective measures cannot prevent infection had more serious depression (b=1.72, 95% CI: 0.65-2.80), anxiety (b=1.75, 95% CI: 0.76-2.75), and insomnia (b=1.73, 95% CI: 0.63-2.82), and had a higher risk of depression (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.11-3.49), anxiety (OR=3.00, 95%CI: 1.64-5.46), and insomnia (OR=1.79, 95%CI: 1.08-2.96). [Conclusion] During the COVID-19 epidemic, the risks of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among selected medical staff are increased compared with the non-epidemic period. Occupational exposure to high-risk groups and protective measures would significantly affect mental health of medical staff.Copyright © 2021, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the quantile-based spillover effects among 17 stock markets from January 1993 to January 2022, utilizing a quantile approach based on the variance decomposition of a quantile vector autoregression (QVAR) model. Compared with the traditional mean-based spill-over measures, this new quantile approach allows for a nuanced investigation of spillovers at every quantile and capture spillovers under extreme events. The results show that: (1) the total spillover is high and exhibits strong time-varying characteristics, and the tail spillover is higher and more complex in scale and direction;(2) the spillover at each quantile level shows an upward trend, especially during the 2008 crisis and the COVID-19 epidemic;(3) developed countries (or regions) are the net exporters of stock market spillovers, while the developing countries are the net importers;and (4) the 17 stock markets constitute different local financial networks, which may be related to economic conditions and geographical location.
ABSTRACT
[Background] The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affects the psychological status of medical staff who directly face the risk of the disease. [Objective] This study investigates the prevalence and related factors of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. [Methods] From February 13 to March 1, 2020, a network questionnaire survey was conducted among 482 medical staff selected by convenience sampling. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic demographic information and COVID-19-related questions. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among the medical staff. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed with PHQ-9 score, GAD-7 score, and ISI score as dependent variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (forward-conditional method) on depression, anxiety, and insomnia as dependent variables was performed with basic demographic information and COVID-19-related questions as independent variables. [Results] Among the surveyed medical staff, the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia were 14.3%, 11.2%, and 23.2%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates among different age, gender, local risk level, and occupation groups and those aiding Hubei Province or not. The medical staff who directly contacted fever or diagnosed patients had more serious depression (b=1.73, 95%CI: 0.79-2.66) and insomnia (b=2.43, 95%CI: 1.48-3.39) and a higher risk of insomnia (OR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.21-2.96). The medical staff whose current protective measures cannot prevent infection had more serious depression (b=1.72, 95% CI: 0.65-2.80), anxiety (b=1.75, 95% CI: 0.76-2.75), and insomnia (b=1.73, 95% CI: 0.63-2.82), and had a higher risk of depression (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.11-3.49), anxiety (OR=3.00, 95%CI: 1.64-5.46), and insomnia (OR=1.79, 95%CI: 1.08-2.96). [Conclusion] During the COVID-19 epidemic, the risks of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among selected medical staff are increased compared with the non-epidemic period. Occupational exposure to high-risk groups and protective measures would significantly affect mental health of medical staff. © 2021, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All rights reserved.